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Actual Malice: Civil Rights and Freedom of the Press in New York Times v. Sullivan First Edition
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"A detailed examination of . . . the landmark 1964 Supreme Court decision that defined libel laws and increased protections for journalists."—The New York Times Book Review
A deeply researched legal drama that documents this landmark First Amendment ruling—one that is more critical and controversial than ever.
Actual Malice tells the full story of New York Times v. Sullivan, the dramatic case that grew out of segregationists' attempts to quash reporting on the civil rights movement. In its landmark 1964 decision, the Supreme Court held that a public official must prove "actual malice" or reckless disregard of the truth to win a libel lawsuit, providing critical protections for free speech and freedom of the press.
Drawing on previously unexplored sources, including the archives of the New York Times Company and civil rights leaders, Samantha Barbas tracks the saga behind one of the most important First Amendment rulings in history. She situates the case within the turbulent 1960s and the history of the press, alongside striking portraits of the lawyers, officials, judges, activists, editors, and journalists who brought and defended the case. As the Sullivan doctrine faces growing controversy, Actual Malice reminds us of the stakes of the case that shaped American reporting and public discourse as we know it.
- ISBN-100520385829
- ISBN-13978-0520385825
- EditionFirst Edition
- PublisherUniversity of California Press
- Publication dateFebruary 21, 2023
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions6 x 1 x 9 inches
- Print length290 pages
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"A new book, Actual Malice, by Samantha Barbas, a law professor and historian, unfurls the story of the case and reminds readers that the triumph of press freedom was an outgrowth of the civil-rights struggle. Versions of the story have been told before, perhaps most famously in Anthony Lewis’s "Make No Law" more than three decades ago. Yet Barbas deftly employs archival sources—notably from the Times, from the Martin Luther King, Jr., papers, and from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference—to shed new light. Her book illuminates the effect of libel suits on journalists’ ability to cover the movement, the legal strategies used against those suits, and the impact of the case on the civil-rights movement itself. A heroic narrative in which the litigation helped vanquish segregationists serves to underscore what Barbas calls the 'centrality of freedom of speech to democracy.'" ― The New Yorker
“Barbas’s endorsement of the Sullivan decision is more nuanced than those of [Anthony] Lewis and [Aimee] Edmondson, and more reflective of the current moment. She appreciates the need for libel lawsuits at a time when ‘damaging falsehoods can spread online with a click, and reputations [can be] destroyed instantly.’ But she recognizes that the protections of Sullivan are needed as much, or more, by individuals as by media companies. The story of Sullivan, and of the precedent’s possible demise, reveals as much about our own times as it does the 1960s.” -- Jeffrey Toobin ― The New York Review of Books
"One might think that another book-length history and analysis of New York Times v. Sullivan would be superfluous, given the quality of Lewis’s Make No Law and Hall and Urofsky's New York Times v. Sullivan: Civil Rights, Libel Law, and the Free Press. Actual Malice, however, may become the go-to book for combining both perspectives in a single volume and enhancing them with some archival sources that the other two books did not use."
― Choice Reviews
"Actual Malice is concise yet thorough, crisply written, brimming with sharp observations, amply documented, and admirably acknowledges different points of view." ― Law and Liberty
“Samantha Barbas’ Actual Malice could not be more of-the-moment. . . . Combining impressive research with sound legal reasoning… Barbas’ recounting of the history and context of the Sullivan decision underscores the fundamental importance to our democracy of robust protection against weaponized libel actions.” ― First Amendment News
“Actual Malice provides an essential recounting of the history that created modern press freedoms and a convincing case for sustaining these protections.” ― Law & History Review
From the Back Cover
"New York Times v. Sullivan is the most important Supreme Court decision about freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Samantha Barbas's terrific, riveting book shows that it also must be understood as a crucial decision about civil rights at a crucial moment of the civil rights movement."—Erwin Chemerinsky, Dean and Jesse H. Choper Distinguished Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : University of California Press; First Edition (February 21, 2023)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 290 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0520385829
- ISBN-13 : 978-0520385825
- Item Weight : 1.15 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 1 x 9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #910,839 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #293 in Civil Rights Law (Books)
- #1,185 in Civil Rights & Liberties (Books)
- #14,748 in U.S. State & Local History
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Samantha Barbas is the author of six books, including The Rise and Fall of Morris Ernst: Free Speech Renegade (University of Chicago Press, 2021); Newsworthy: The Supreme Court Battle Over Privacy and Press Freedom (Stanford University Press, 2017); Laws of Image: Privacy and Publicity in America (Stanford University Press, 2015); and The First Lady of Hollywood: A Biography of Louella Parsons (University of California Press, 2005). She has a Ph.D. in history from UC Berkeley and a J.D from Stanford Law School. She is Professor of Law at the University at Buffalo and a recipient of the National Endowment for the Humanities Public Scholar Award.
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- Reviewed in the United States on January 27, 2025So much I didn't know. What an excellent book. Academically solid but a pop-level read. Important information for a democracy that is far more fragile than most of use have grown up believing.
- Reviewed in the United States on June 18, 2023This is riveting. The author captures a vital moment in United States history when freedom of the press could have withered or blossomed. Thankfully, it did the latter. The professor writes this book almost as a page-turning novel, yet fortunately it is all true.
Please read this, and afterwards applaud being exposed to both the nuanced arguments, and the idiocy, which our First Amendment, as interpreted in Sullivan, promises us.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 29, 2024I just finished this book and suffice it to say that it is one of the best written books on legal history that I have had the pleasure of reading. It gives very vivid portraits of everything from the New York Times news room to the civil rights protests in Alabama and their repression and thumbnail sketches of the people involved. All this led, among other things, to the landmark NYT v Sullivan Supreme Court decision that heightened protection of speech criticizing public figures. the description of the inner workings of the court to reach a unanimous decision are also well told. Prior to the Sullivan decision, state officials could stifle critics if the critics made even one factual mistake, claiming they had been defamed. I am a lawyer, have done my share of free speech and civil rights litigation, and I recommend this book very highly for anyone with an interest in these matters.
- Reviewed in the United States on March 16, 2023The author, a professor of legal history, the First Amendment and mass communication, has written about one of the most important cases ever ruled upon by the Supreme Court: NY Times verses Sullivan. The case involves an ad that appeared in The NY Times in 1960 to raise funds for Martin Luther King and other Civil Rights leaders faced with multiple legal fees.. The ad cited civil rights abuses in Montgomery, Alabama and made a reference to police activity, without naming the policemen. L. B. Sullivan, the public affairs commissioner who oversaw the police in Montgomery, considered the references to the police as libelous and brought suit against The NY Times. Times string reporters also reported Civil Rights abuses in other Alabama cities. By the time the case went to trial, 11 cities joined in the suit for damages totaling over $5 million. Despite losing in both the Alabama federal and supreme courts, The NY Times refused to pay and hired a lawyer to refer the case to the US Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court agreed to consider the case during its term from 10/1963-10/1964. Though the reader may not have a legal background, the author writes so clearly, that all is understood. It is the time of the very liberal Earl Warren court and the nascence of the Civil Rights movement. The justices took the case very seriously. The author shares the justices's written and oral deliberation exchanges among themselves. The attorney for the NY Times presented the case about the First Amendment right of freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Justice William H. Brennan wrote the unanimous decision.
This was a landmark decision which not only bolstered the First Amendment, but also triggered the Civil Rights movement in the United States, which the author also shows. Indeed, the Civil Rights Act was passed later in 1964. This s a terrific book about a watershed decision.