An adventurous trumpeter, Wadada Leo Smith is one of the most innovative composers and musical theorists to emerge from the 1960s jazz vanguard. His systemic musical language Ankhrasmation began development in 1965 and has informed each project since. During the '70s Smith showcased it on self-issued recordings from his Kabell label, including 1972's Creative Music -- 1 (Six Solo Improvisations) and 1975's Reflectativity, and on 1978's Divine Love and 1993's Kulture Jazz, both on ECM. Smith released acclaimed recordings for Tzadik during the 1990s including Tao-Njia and Red Sulphur Sky. In 2000, Tzadik released his Golden Quartet debut. In 2012, Smith recorded Ten Freedom Summers, an oratorio on the Civil Rights Era. It was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. Finland's Tum has also issued topically themed recordings including 2014's Great Lakes Suite. 2016 saw the release of the long-form work America's National Parks, which won a Doris Duke prize. In 2019, Smith's Rosa Parks: Pure Love, An Oratorio of Seven Songs debuted in New York City. In 2021, Tum issued six recordings to commemorate his 80th birthday including the boxed sets, Sacred Ceremonies (trio), Trumpet (solo), and The Chicago Symphonies (quartet). They concluded the celebration with two more boxed collections in June 2022: Emerald Duets and String Quartets Nos. 1-12.

Ishmael Leo Smith was born in Leland, Mississippi in 1941. His musical life began in high school, where he played in concert and marching bands. He played French horn, drums, and mellophone before moving on to trumpet. His formal musical education is credited to his stepfather Alex Wallace, the U.S. Military Band program (1963), and the Sherwood School of Music (1967 to 1969). He began playing in R&B combos in the early '60s and in Army bands before becoming an early member of Chicago's AACM (Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians).

He began to research and design the abstract musical language Ankhrasmation in 1965. The first recorded appearance of that system appeared on "The Bell" on Anthony Braxton's debut album 3 Compositions of New Jazz. In 1972, Smith founded the Kabell label to release his recordings. His first solo album, Creative Music -- 1 appeared on the label in 1972.

He also co-founded the avant-improvisational group Creative Construction Company with violinist Leroy Jenkins and Anthony Braxton, which toured Europe during the late '60s. They recorded Silence, a 1974 trio album for Freedom Records, and a self-titled offering in 1975, recorded while Smith was studying ethnomusicology at Wesleyan University. The recording supervisor for the date was Ornette Coleman.

In 1973, Kiom Press published Notes (8 Pieces) Source a New World Music: Creative Music, the initial volume of Smith's essays on music. During his Wesleyan studies, Smith also taught at the University of New Haven. While there, he formed the New Dalta Ahkri, an under-documented band whose revolving membership included Henry Threadgill, Davis, and Oliver Lake. They recorded two albums for Kabell, 1975's Reflectativity and 1977's Song of Humanity (Kanta Pri Homoro). He also recorded in the Creative Improvisation Ensemble with Marion Brown in 1975 (and played on the seminal Geechee Recollections). After leaving Wesleyan, Smith played with Braxton in 1976, and recorded with Derek Bailey's Company. He released Spirit Catcher under his own name on Nessa Records in 1979. That same year he signed a non-exclusive deal with Manfred Eicher's ECM label, which released the widely acclaimed Divine Love.

During the 1980s, Smith worked extensively in Europe, playing and recording with bassist Peter Kowald and percussionist Günter Sommer. Together they released Touch the Earth (1980) and If You Want the Kernels, You Have to Break the Shells (1982) for Germany's FMP label. Smith had taken up playing the mbira (an African thumb piano) and added it to his instrumental arsenal with some regularity from that point forward. With Sommer and Kowald, he also recorded Human Rights in 1986, co-released by Kabell/Gramm. About this time, he became a Rastafarian and changed his name to Wadada Leo Smith. In 1987, he began teaching at Bard College.

In 1989, Smith cut Procession of the Great Ancestry under his own name on Chief Records, and Interludes of Breath and Substance with composer and pianist Matthew Goodheart. In 1992, Smith and Japanese percussionist Yoshisaburo Toyozumi released Cosmos Has Spirit on Scissors Records. The following year he left Bard to teach at Cal Arts' Herb Alpert School of Music. He issued his second ECM date, the acclaimed, completely solo Kulture Jazz, on which he played a variety of instruments. In 1995, his "Odwira" for 12 multi-ensembles (featuring 52 musicians) was performed at Cal Arts. He began his long and fruitful association with John Zorn's Tzadik imprint in 1996 with the release of Tao-Njia; his Noh composition work, "Heart's Reflections," was first performed by a large group at Merkin Concert Hall the same year.

Smith began recording prolifically for a number of labels, all the while teaching, touring, and writing scores for his three prevalent ensembles -- Golden Quartet, Silver Orchestra, and Organic -- as well as performing solo work. In 1997 he issued the little-known trio date Prataksis with Vinny Golia and Bertram Turetzky on Ninewinds, and in 1998 he began his association with guitarist Henry Kaiser in an ad hoc band called Yo Miles!, an electric avant jazz-funk ensemble devoted to the work and inspirational example of Miles Davis' electric period. They released their self-titled debut that year. Also in 1998, Condor, Autumn Wind was issued in collaboration with his wife, poet Harumi Makino Smith. In 1999, Light Upon Light was released by Tzadik, and his first album of contemporary classical music, Southwest Chamber Music, arrived on the Cambria label.

At the turn of the century, Smith issued two albums for Tzadik: Reflectativity, with Anthony Davis and Malachi Favors Mogoustous, and the debut offering from the Golden Quartet with drummer Jack DeJohnette added to the lineup. During this decade, various classical and new music ensembles began to perform Smith's work, including the Kronos Quartet, the California EAR Unit, the New York New Music Ensemble, the AACM Orchestra, and ne(x)tworks. He reunited with Braxton for two albums on Pi Recordings: Organic Resonance and Saturn, Conjunct the Grand Canyon in a Sweet Embrace in 2003 and 2004; the latter year was especially productive. The second set from Yo Miles!, Yo Miles: Sky Garden, appeared in 2004, as did Lake Biwa on Tzadik. He participated in electronica unit Spring Heel Jack's jazz experiment The Sweetness of the Water for Thirsty Ear, and in John Zorn's month-long 50th birthday concert series/celebration with saxophonist and drummer Susie Ibarra. Tzadik issued a gorgeous, lushly illustrated retrospective box set entitled The Kabell Years, 1971-1979, documenting the output from Smith's label.

Smith issued three recordings in 2005. First was Snakish on Leo Records, with Walter and Katya Quintus, Miroslav Tadic, and Mark Nauseef; this was followed by the second Yo Miles! recording, Upriver -- cut during the same sessions as the previous year's Sky Garden) -- and the collaborative album Dreams & Secrets, which paired a Smith/Kaiser unit called N'Da Kulture with African vocalist Thomas Mapfumo & the Blacks Unlimited. In 2006, Smith oversaw the first performance of his work "Tabligh" for double ensemble performed by the Golden Quartet & Classical Persian Ensemble at Merkin Concert Hall. He also collaborated with Adam Rudolph on the album Compassion (co-released by Kabell and Meta). "Tabligh" was performed again at the Aklbank Music Festival by the Golden Quartet and Suleyman Erguner's classical Turkish ensemble. In 2008, it finally appeared on Cuneiform in 2008. The Golden Quartet's lineup included pianist Vijay Iyer, bassist John Lindberg, and drummer Ronald Shannon Jackson. A documentary film about the band was released that year entitled Freedom Now, directed by Jacques Goldstein, and made available on DVD.

Smith saw reissues of various recordings for Nessa and ECM in 2008 and 2009, and released two important new recordings. The first was the widely acclaimed Spiritual Dimensions for Cuneiform in 2009. A double-disc, it featured Smith in both quintet and nonet settings amid a stellar cast of players including members of the Golden Quartet and guitarists Brandon Ross and Nels Cline. The second album was a duet recording with DeJohnette entitled America on Tzadik. It included the composition "The Blue Mountain Sun Drummer (For Ed Blackwell)" that inspired a 2010 album of the same name on Kabell. This latter disc offered a live performance of Blackwell and the trumpeter from October 1986 at Brandeis University.

Smith began the second decade of the new century with the double-disc Heart's Reflections (Cuneiform) by his Organic band. The album does not feature his composition of the same name from 1995, but instead includes all-new material performed by a large group whose playing ranges from electric and avant to funky jazz and systematically improvised encounters. Smith created a new trio called Mbira in 2011, featuring drummer Pheeroan akLaff and Min Xiao-Fen on pipa and voice (Smith plays trumpet and flügelhorn -- there is no mbira on the album). Their debut recording, Dark Lady of the Sonnets, appeared in early 2012. Later that year, Smith also released his four-disc Civil Rights opus, the oratorio Ten Freedom Summers on Cuneiform, and a duet recording with drummer Louis Moholo-Moholo entitled Ancestors. In the summer of 2013, in addition to touring Ten Freedom Summers at jazz festivals across the U.S. and Europe (it also received a Pulitzer Prize nomination), he released Occupy the World, a collaborative recording with bassist John Lindberg and the big band Tumo. In 2013, Smith recorded a collaborative effort with George Lewis on trombone and John Zorn on sax; titled Sonic Rivers, the album was released by Tzadik in mid-2014, and featured original visual artwork from Smith. He followed this with another major new compositional work on Tum entitled Great Lakes Suites in mid-September, leading a quartet that included Lindberg, Jack DeJohnette, and Henry Threadgill. Smith also played trumpet in an improvisational quartet with keyboardist Jamie Saft, bassist Joe Morris, and drummer Balazs Pandi. Their debut offering, Red Hill, was issued on Rare Noise later that month.

In 2015, in the midst of concerts for Ten Freedom Summers and Great Lakes Suites, Smith recorded Celestial Weather, a duo album with Lindberg comprising three suites on Tum. In March 2016, Smith made his first appearance on ECM since 1993 in a duo collaboration with pianist Vijay Iyer on A Cosmic Rhythm with Each Stroke. In May, he received a Doris Duke Artist Award. His Ankhrasmation scores were exhibited at the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles and lauded with a 2016 Mohn Award. Nessuno, a collaborative release with Pauline Oliveros, Roscoe Mitchell, and John Tilbury was issued by ReR in July. August marked the centennial anniversary of the Organic Act that created the National Parks Service in the United States. Smith composed another long-form work in celebration. Entitled America's National Parks, the work was performed by his Golden Quintet featuring the bandleader in the company of pianist Anthony Davis, bassist John Lindberg, Pheeroan akLaff, and cellist Ashley Walters; the massive work was recorded in a single day. Cuneiform issued America's National Parks in its 90-plus-minute entirety in October 2016.

In October 2017, Smith issued two albums with Tum that were released the same day: Solo Reflections and Meditations on Monk. It included readings of four Thelonious Monk compositions and four original works inspired by the legendary pianist/composer. The electric Najwa also appeared; its band included bassist Bill Laswell, drummer Pheeroan akLaff, percussionist Adam Rudolph, and electric guitarists Kaiser, Brandon Ross, and Lamar Smith. The following year saw Smith issue a pair of duo recordings for Tum: Celestial Weather a duo outing with longtime bassist Lindberg, and Ancestors with drummer Louis Moholo-Moholo. Smith also returned to ECM along with Bill Frisell as Andrew Cyrille's sideman on Lebroba.

In early 2019, Smith released Rosa Parks: Pure Love, An Oratorio of Seven Songs on Tum. In April, he debuted it The Kitchen in New York City with four ensembles including Diamond Voices, the strings-only RedKoral Quartet, the Blue Trumpet Quartet, and the Janus Duo. The acclaimed performance also included video and butoh dance. In 2020, Smith and electronic composer/multi-instrumentalist Barry Schrader released the long-form digital single Pacific Light and Water/Wu Xing: Cycle of Destruction. In April 2021, Smith, drummer Mike Reed, and Jamaican born multi-instrumentalist Douglas R. Ewart issued the completely improvised Sun Beans of Shimmering Light.

TUM, Smith's European label home, commemorated the trumpeter/composer's 80th birthday with volumes of unreleased material. They ranged from the multi-disc solo outing Trumpet, to trios with Milford Graves and Bill Laswell (Sacred Ceremonies) and Vijay Iyer and Jack DeJohnette (A Love Sonnet for Billie Holiday), to The Chicago Symphonies with his Great Lakes Quartet. The following year, Tum concluded their celebration with the seven-disc String Quartets Nos. 1-12 and Emerald Duets. ~ Thom Jurek

Andrew Cyrille is among the most pre-eminent free jazz percussionists to emerge in the 1960s. Few vanguard drummers can play with his grace, authority, unflagging energy, and absolute power, tempered only by his constant sense of propriety. Cyrille is at his best in an utterly free context, as evidenced by his solo debut, 1969's What About?, and 1974's Dialogue of the Drums with Milford Graves. Cyrille spent much of the '60s with Walt Dickerson and the '70s with Cecil Taylor. He has released over 50 titles as a leader or co-leader, including 1981's Special People, 1988's Something in Return with Jimmy Lyons, and Galaxies with Russian pianist Vladimir Tarasov. In 1993 he began a long, widely celebrated association with pianist Borah Bergman on the album The Human Factor. In the 21st century, Cyrille participated in dozens of collaborative recordings, most notably with pianist Søren Kjærgaard and bassist Ben Street, including 2010's Open Opus. In 2011, he collaborated with Haitian Fascination on the seminal Route De Frères. After co-billed outings with Bill McHenry on 2014's Us Free: Fish Stories (that also included bassist Henry Grimes), the drummer released his ECM debut, The Declaration of Musical Independence, leading a quartet with Street, guitarist Bill Frisell and keyboardist Richard Teitelbaum. A trio effort titled Lebroba with Frisell and Wadada Leo Smith followed in 2018, and in 2021, Cyrille's quartet returned with The News. The following year, Cyrille, with trumpeter Enrico Rava and bassist William Parker, issued 2 Blues for Cecil on TUM.

Cyrille began playing drums in a drum and bugle corps at the age of 11. At 15, he played in a trio with guitarist Eric Gale. For a period in his teens, Cyrille studied chemistry before enrolling in Juilliard School of Music in 1958. In the late '50s and early '60s, he worked with such mainstream jazzers as Mary Lou Williams, Roland Hanna, Roland Kirk, Coleman Hawkins, and Junior Mance. He recorded with Hawkins, and with tenor saxophonist Bill Barron for the Savoy label. Cyrille succeeded Sunny Murray as Cecil Taylor's drummer in 1964. He stayed with the pianist until 1975, during which time he played on many of Taylor's classic albums. He also played with a good many other top musicians, including Marion Brown, Grachan Moncur III, and Jimmy Giuffre. He also served for a time as artist in residence at Antioch College and recorded a solo percussion album, 1969's What About?, on BYG. Cyrille, Rashied Ali, and Milford Graves collaborated on a series of mid-'70s concerts entitled "Dialogue of the Drums." Beginning in 1975 and lasting into the '80s, Cyrille led his own group called Maono, which included tenor saxophonist David S. Ware, trumpeter Ted Daniel, pianist Sonelius Smith and, at various times, bassists Lisle Atkinson and Nick DiGeronimo. During this period, Cyrille also played with the Group, a band that included violinist Billy Bang, bassist Sirone, altoist Brown, and trumpeter Ahmed Abdullah. With Graves, Don Moye, and Kenny Clarke, Cyrille recorded the all-percussion album Pieces of Time on Soul Note in 1983. When not leading his own bands, he worked ubiquitously as a sideman with, among others, John Carter, Muhal Richard Abrams, and Jimmy Lyons. Cyrille continued as a leading player into the late '90s, recording rather prolifically for Black Saint/Soul Note, FMP, and DIW.

That activity continued well into the 21st century. In 2000, he released the trio date C/D/E in collaboration with bassist Mark Dresser and saxophonist Marty Ehrlich. In 2002 he played duo concerts with Anthony Braxton, which were released in two volumes on Intact as Duo Palindrome 2002. Two years later he was part of the Mary Lou Williams Collective with pianist Geri Allen, bassist Buster Williams, and fellow drummer Billy Hart for the album Zodiac Suite: Revisited. That same year, he issued Blue Flame in duet with saxophonist Greg Osby and the trio date Witch's Scream with John Tchicai and Reggie Workman, both issued on TUM. Between 2008 and 2011 he issued two recordings with pianist David Haney on CIMP, and three trio offerings with Danish pianist Søren Kjærgaard and bassist Ben Street for ILK. With Eric Revis and Kris Davis, he released 2013's City of Asylum for Clean Feed before revisiting the Street-Kjærgaard trio for Syvmileskridt. Cyrille, ever the picture of musical diversity, played in a trio with saxophonist Bill McHenry and bassist Henry Grimes for 2014's Us Free: Fish Stories on Fresh Sound New Talent, and the following year with saxophonist Mikko Innanen and bassist William Parker on the double-length set Song for a New Decade for TUM. In 2016 he debuted the Andrew Cyrille Quartet on ECM with Street, guitarist Bill Frisell, and pianist Richard Teitelbaum for the critically acclaimed Declaration of Musical Independence. Cyrille returned to CIMP in May of 2018 for another two recordings with Haney: the duo offering Clandestine and a trio set that included bassist Dominic Duval titled Conspiracy a Go Go. Later that year, Cyrille released his sophomore leader date for ECM. Titled Lebroba, the drummer's collaborators included Frisell and trumpeter Wadada Leo Smith.

In 2020, Cyrille and Cécile McLorin Salvant were the jazz artists who received the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Awards. It marked the first time the institution upped its recipient total from six artists to eight -- the others were from the worlds of theater and dance. In August of 2021, Cyrille released his second quartet offering for ECM, The News. In January 2022, he, trumpeter Enrico Rava, and bassist William Parker issued the Cecil Taylor tribute offering 2 Blues for Cecil on Finland's TUM label. ~ Chris Kelsey & Thom Jurek